When people think of the Netherlands, Amsterdam usually comes to mind first — with its iconic canals, vibrant culture, and global fame. But what if we told you that, once upon a time, another Dutch city held the spotlight? That city is Haarlem, and in the Middle Ages, it was actually more important than Amsterdam.
A Powerful Medieval City
Haarlem’s origins go back to at least the 10th century, and by 1245 it was officially granted city rights. Thanks to its location near the North Sea and along the River Spaarne, Haarlem quickly grew into a powerful center for trade and shipping. At the time, Amsterdam was still a small fishing village.
Haarlem also became the seat of the Counts of Holland, which gave it both political and military importance. It was well-protected by thick city walls and a strong sense of independence.
A Hub for Culture and Industry
In the centuries that followed, Haarlem blossomed as a cultural and economic hub. It became known for its thriving textile industry and, later, for its flourishing art scene during the Dutch Golden Age. Wealthy merchants, skilled craftsmen, and renowned painters like Frans Hals all called Haarlem home.
At its peak, Haarlem was one of the largest and richest cities in Holland, larger even than Amsterdam in population and influence.
So… What Happened?
As trade routes expanded and the Dutch began exploring the world by sea, Amsterdam’s port gained more and more significance. By the 17th century, Amsterdam had become the beating heart of global commerce, thanks to the rise of the Dutch East India Company.
Haarlem, while still important, slowly became overshadowed by the growing economic power of its neighbor to the east.
Haarlem Today: A City with Quiet Confidence
Though it no longer rivals Amsterdam in size or fame, Haarlem has never lost its charm. Today, it’s a beautiful, laid-back city full of history, culture, and that uniquely Dutch feeling of gezelligheid (coziness). And while Amsterdam bustles with tourists, Haarlem offers a more relaxed, and arguably more authentic, experience.
So next time you visit the Netherlands, don’t skip over Haarlem. After all, you’ll be walking the streets of a city that once led the way.
